The body was found on a cliff in the Angeles National Forest, in Los Angeles, United States, after a fire consumed surrounding vegetation.
Without clothes or scars or tattoos, it was hard to identify. Due to the level of deterioration, the body had been out in the open for some time. A month and a half later, it could be specified.
After the autopsy, that body was renamed Doe # 19, until a forensic dentist could assign him a name and surname: Brayan Alejandro Andino.
I had 16 years old, he was from Honduras and studied at Panorama High School, a public high school in the San Fernando Valley, in the north area of the city of Los Angeles.
He 30 October 2017, three or four young men put it in a Toyota Corolla from the 2011, they took him to the forest, and there they beat and stabbed him to death, says the prosecution in the case. His body was found on 15 from December.
He was not the only one.
In the forest considered the lung of Greater Los Angeles, a common meeting point for campers, hikers and lovers of nature, five young people were killed between 2017 and 2018 with “a violence not seen in 20 years ”, stated the Los Angeles authorities.
The five homicides were attributed to the Mara Salvatrucha or MS – 13 , one of the gangs that terrorize Central America and also have a presence in the United States, a country in which this criminal structure actually arose. The defendants are currently awaiting trial.
- The brutal murders that occurred in Los Angeles of those who accuse the Mara Salvatrucha
When in July 2019 —year and a half later having found the remains of Brayan Andino— the Police announced the arrest of 22 men, identified as members of the most dangerous wing of the MS – 13 in Los Angeles, the Trump administration described the operation as an “unprecedented success.”
Thom Mrozek, spokesman for the attorney general of the Department of Justice for the Central District of California, told BBC Mundo that the “ brutality ” was the work of undocumented youth who arrived in the United States three or four years earlier.
Of the 22 accused, 19 are migrants from between 19 and 24 years; the majority Salvadorans.
According to the official version, these young people had traveled from Central America to the Californian city with the mission to take control of the MS – 13.
“The relationship between immigration and their young ages reflects a greater desire within certain factions of the MS – 13 take control and appropriate what they call the program of the Angels. They want to have a program of the MS – 13 in Central America, on the East Coast (of the United States) and in Los Angeles ” said Mrozek.
“They are trying to reinstall the traditions of extreme violence in Los Angeles and make all the MS – 13 operate under the same rules ”, He added.
That’s what the US government says. However, the evidence collected by BBC Mundo in El Salvador and the United States, between 2019 and this year, he defeats that thesis.
The interviewees, a dozen experts and active and retired gang members, agree that the MS gang – 13, although united under a single name, has a fuzzy structure without a chain of command between both countries.
Shaved hair makes the M and S tattooed on his head shine more on the skin.
Armando Villanueva, alias Liro Buda , agrees to speak with BBC Mundo in Izalco Phase III, a maximum security prison located at 70 kilometers west of San Salvador, the capital of El Salvador.
“That thing about going from El Salvador to take control of the gang in Los Angeles … that makes me illogical, “I replied. of this veteran gang member when asked about the hypothesis of the United States Attorney’s Office.
Liro Buda knows what he is talking about.
Close to the 40, the Salvadoran was born, grew up and developed as a gang member within the Fulton Locos , one of the clicas or cells originating from MS – 13, emerged in the eighties in Los Angeles.
The Fulton is one of the clicks that most concerns the United States Department of Justice.
The word ‘Fulton’, in fact, is repeated 48 times in the first 40 pages of the prosecutor’s file on the murders in the Angeles National Forest.
And Liro Buddha says what he says because it was a piece important of the Fulton Locos both in the streets of Los Angeles and in those of El Salvador.
From that vantage point he firmly rejects as “illogical” that idea of a unified, hierarchical and transnational Mara Salvatrucha that the Trump administration promoted .
The MS – 13 arose to the beginning from the eighties in Los Angeles, and a decade later it began to take root in Central America -especially in El Salvador-, when the United States started with a deportation policy that made thousands of Salvadorans return, many of them turned into gang members, to the country they had escaped from during the war.
In a post-war El Salvador, with a State in full reconstruction, with a traumatized population and easy access to firearms, the phenomenon hybridized and grew. Thousands of young people joined gangs in a few years.
- What are the main gangs in El Salvador and why it’s so dangerous for Bukele to mix them up in jails
The Fulton Locos or FLS is one of the primal cliques of the Mara Salvatrucha in Los Angeles, along with the Normandie Locos, the Hollywood Locos, the Leeward Locos or the Western Locos, all names of geographical references of the city.
Those first clicas were baptized as the place where they began to operate: in the case of the Fulton Locos, a sector on Fulton Avenue, in the north of Los Angeles.
Inside the MS – 14, the clica is the basic operating unit, with wide autonomy and linked to a territory, to a court.
With the consolidation and internationalization of the gang phenomenon, already in the XXI century, within the MS – 13 the programs were created, something like a federation of similar cliques, but which retain their autonomy.
When the teenager Armando Villanueva arrived in Los Angeles in 1998, undocumented and thanks to the money sent to him by relatives who had migrated a decade earlier and were already settled, The Mara Salvatrucha was a consolidated criminal structure there.
A relative led along with other members s the fledgling Fulton Locos. “ My cousin was the one who wore the word (the command) ”, says Villanueva about the gang member who was known by the alias of Buda.
The graffiti of the Fulton Locos are frequently seen on walls of residential buildings in the Valley from San Fernando, north of Los Angeles. With temptation so close, the decision of brin Carse -someterse to the ritual of initiation-Villanueva took him five months. And with the patronage of his cousin, he became Liro Buda, a Spanishization of Little (small), very common in gang slang.
In the next eight years that he lived as a gang member in California, he was deprived of liberty four times, between correctional facilities and prisons, until in 2006 was deported to El Salvador , your country of origin. His mother went to the airport to pick him up.
After the deportation, his plan was to return to the United States as soon as possible. And he tried, but he just got to the northern border of Mexico, to Chihuahua, they arrested him and sent him back to his country.
Again in El Salvador learned that another gang member deported also from Los Angeles had established a clique of the Fulton Locos to just 16 kilometers from where he lived.
“My idea It was always going back to the North, but I was young, I was crazy and I started to relate to them ”, says Liro Buda.
In a matter of months, in August of that same year, they sentenced him to 30 years for aggravated homicide – the penalty that he continues to serve -, and while in jail he rose within the Fulton Locos.
At that time “everyone co I would laugh by his side, ”he explains. “ The cliques were not very close , not even those with the same name.”
At the same rate that his voice became more and more respected within the Fulton Locos, it was thriving in the country under the leadership of Antonio Carrillo Alfaro, alias el Chory, from who Liro Buda became a trusted man.
Clicas of the Fulton Locos multiplied in different departments of El Salvador: San Miguel, Sonsonate , Chalatenango…
El Chory also achieved that all the groups that claimed to be Fulton Locos, both in Los Angeles and El Salvador, reach higher levels of coordination and an unusual verticality in MS – 13. But as a Fulton program, not as a gang.
That period of extraordinary yet precarious transnational coordination would end on January 6, 2017, when, after having driven a rebellion against the historical leadership of the MS – 13, the Chory was killed by MS herself – 13 in the criminal of Izalco Phase I, along with two of the gang members who protected him.
BBC Mundo interviewed two other gang members separately in Izalco Phase III who They were heavyweights of the Fulton Locos in El Salvador, and both subscribe to the story of Liro Buda.
Juan Ángel Reyes, ali as Crimen de FLS, and Edwin Antonio Méndez, alias Garra de FLS, agree that:
- the cliques that germinated in El Salvador in the nineties had no dependency relationship towards headquarters in Los Angeles;
- each click and each program within the MS – 13 operate with a wide autonomy;
- in El Salvador the Fulton Locos was beheaded in 2016 because Chory dared to stand up to the call ranfla (leadership) historical.
“ There is no dependency , a submission, of the leaders of the criminal structure MS – 13 in El Salvador towards the leaders in the United States ”, explains Ronald Segura to BBC Mundo.
Segura is the chief inspector of the National Civil Police (PNC) of El Salvador who leads the Transnational Anti-Gang Center (CAT).
That body – made up of the PNC and the FBI – has been fighting since 2007 the expressions gangs that affect both countries, although he did not participate in the investigation into the crimes of the Angeles National Forest.
But just as he did not there is an obedience of the Salvadoran gang members towards the Angelenos, neither does it exist the other way around, says the Mexican researcher Carlos García: “No, I can’t imagine the groups in Los Angeles standing up to the leaders of El Salvador”
Garcia, who in studying MS – 14 for more than a decade, believes that a single transnational, centralized and vertical criminal structure is a frequent error in journalistic and academic fields.
As much as the range of experts that BBC Mundo interviewed insists on talking about the Mara Salvatrucha as a transnational organization is to oversize it, Donald Trump offered it during his presidency a prominent place in his speeches and ordered federal agencies execute strategies aimed especially at arrest members of this gang.
Often, the president appointed the MS – 13while also making explicit references to migration, the southern border, the famous wall between the United States and Mexico, and even the Democratic Party.
“The two great opponents of ICE [el Servicio de Control de Inmigración y Aduanas] in America today are the Democratic Party and the MS – 13! , “Trump tweeted on 18 July 2017.
“I feel that it is more for publicity and because Trump wants to do politics with the Mara Salvatrucha,” he tells BBC Mundo Roque, a retired from the gang who jumped in the late eighties in the Fulton Locos.
As a clear example of Trump’s campaign, on the ICE website there is a section called “Combatiendo las gangs”, where the only one who is called by name is the Mara Salvatrucha.
This despite the fact that the more than 4, 000 gang members arrested by ICE between October 2018 and September 2019, only one of each 000 were labeled as belonging to the Mara Salvatrucha, according to the agency itself.
In previous administrations in the United States, government agencies that investigated the phenomenon came to question that is a transnational criminal organization – label issued in 2016 by US authorities – arguing that the main focus of Central American gangs is local issues, “how to dominate a specific extortion scheme or drug distribution zone.”
“La MS – 13 is, by nature, a fuzzy organization . And the manifestation of this is that no one is able to take advantage of what, in theory, is a perfect drug distribution and trafficking system ”, explains Steven Dudley, researcher and author of MS – 13: The Making of America’s Most Notorious Gang (“MS – 13: Building America’s Most Notorious Gang ”).
Dudley has tried to find out if, say, MS- 13 pays for the travel process of members who emigrate to the United States, which would be seen as a sign of coordination between both countries. But he says he has not found evidence of it.
- “They think we are weaker, but to kill, we kill the same”: the dangerous dual role of women in Central American gangs
Currently, graffiti alluding to the MS – 14 can be found in the United States, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico and even in some European countries, but that does not mean that those who have painted them are members of the same criminal structure.
“It is the same brand, the same symbols and the same rites, but structurally, as criminal organizations, does not make them the same “, only one, says researcher García.
Not even within the same country. García assures that the groups of the MS – 13 of the Los Angeles area and those operating in the East Coast of the States United are autonomous, with little or no relationship.
In fact, a distinctive feature of California is the existence of the Mexican Mafia , a criminal group that arose in the prison system, exerts control inside and outside the prisons and shelters Hispanic gangs under its mantle like MS – 14.
- Drugs, extortion and murders: the dangerous Latino gangs that operate in the United States (and are not the Mara Salvatrucha)
Along these lines, Robert Clifford, former FBI member and creator of 2005 of the special unit to combat MS – 13 in the United States, clarifies that his team during those years registered a correlation between cliques in Los Angeles and the East Coast , although without cohesion or clear leadership.
During his tenure at the head of the MS – 13 National Gang Task Force, Clifford collaborated with authorities in El Salvador and carried out mass transnational arrests.
But he admits that, although they identified certain lines of communication, they did not need a clear chain of command between Los Angeles and El Salvador beyond detecting links between cliques.
“I would say that the MS clicas – 13 are like franchises , the shot caller [palabrero, en el argot pandilleril, o líder] has the autonomy to discipline, to manage membership and to plan operations, ”he says.
Clifford criticizes the approach of the Trump administration to rate the MS gang – 13 as an external threat and foreign to the country.
“If you want to fight the MS – 13, it is not only about deportation, because there are many members who live legally in the country “, he warns .
In fact, four decades have passed since the first graffiti allusive to the Mara Salvatrucha appeared on the streets of Los Angeles.
The evolution of the phenomenon has meant that, today For today, there are members of this gang in Los Angeles who are US citizens by birth; that is to say, not subject to deportation.
In this passage, in addition, the differences between gang members from Los Angeles and El Salvador were accentuated, which led to a distancing , as described by Roque.
“The homies from El Salvador followed everything that those who had arrived from Los Angeles said. At first they followed everything, but as the years go by they also want to be leaders and not be ruled “, he says.
There was no specific dispute that changed the dynamic between gang members deported to El Salvador and those from Los Angeles, explains American anthropologist Thomas Ward, who has studied the gang phenomenon extensively in Los Angeles.
“It was a gradual change that occurred as a result of the spread of the gang, because the vast majority of its members had never lived in Los Angeles, and the abuse of authority by some members in Los Angeles “, he says.
“The United States creates its own enemies”, sentence who for this report will be Andy.
What he tells reinforces the argument that the hypothesis about a group of Salvadoran gang members who arrived in the city aliforniana with clear guidelines does not hold up.
Small, slim and youthful looking despite his 31 years, Andy is an active member of the Fulton Locos in the San Fernando Valley, in the north of Los Angeles, and agreed to speak with BBC Mundo on the condition of hiding his identity.
His first contact with the Mara Salvatrucha was within a juvenile detention center, to the 11 years.
“I am Mexican, and from the MS I thought: ‘Fuck They hate Mexicans. ‘ But when I was imprisoned, I saw the respect that their own enemies had for them ”, he remembers.
Andy jumped on the MS – 13 to the 13 years in 2002, and believes that “respect” for those acronyms has only increased since then.
That growing success of the brand ‘Mara Salvatrucha’ is attributed, paradoxically, to the fact that the gang has become one of the more headlines have captured in recent years in the media or in the cinema.
In the middle of the long interview, in a parking lot in the San Fernando Valley, Andy lifts his pants and shows a tattoo that covers almost his entire calf and says Fulton Locos.
He also reveals an electronic ankle bracelet that tracks his movements, now that he is on probation after passing 11 years imprisoned.
“I knew some of those who fell for that accusation” , tells about the case of the crimes of the Angeles National Forest.
And his version of what happened is in line with the non-existent coordination highlighted by experts and veteran gang members consulted in El Salvador.
Andy is convinced that the young people detained in Los Angeles They acted on their own, outside of the guidelines of the Fulton Locos, and that some members of the clique who “work as police informants set them up.”
In addition to the name of the Fulton Locos, there is a number that stands out in the prosecution of the Angeles National Forest murders: 503, corresponding to the MS – 503 or Mara Salvatrucha – 503.
Although the Department of Justice grants u n momentous role in the Los Angeles murders in 2017 and 2018, the research developed by BBC Mundo points to the opposite, and reinforces the position of those who reject the idea of a single and centralized Mara Salvatrucha.
According to the prosecution, the Salvadoran gang members who arrived in the Californian city in recent years were often identified with the 503, and some of these joined the members of the Fulton clique to commit the crimes of the Angeles National Forest.
“The members of the MS – 13 that ratified the values of extreme violence ncia often claimed to belong to the 503 ”, State the prosecutors.
But this thesis has no adherents among the range of sources consulted by BBC Mundo.
“The 503 does not exist in El Salvador outside of prisons ”, says Liro Buda , himself a gang member of the Fulton Locos and member of the MS – 503. “They don’t have strength, they don’t have people outside. They here say that they are 503, but they have nothing on the street, ”he stresses.
The Salvadoran government itself has not identified the presence of this group in the streets, as confirmed by a Researcher and analyst of the aforementioned Transnational Anti-Gang Center who agreed to be interviewed by BBC Mundo on condition of not being named.
It is supported by the figures: of the 15. 188 persons detained in the year 2019 that National Civil Police identified as gang members, 000. 350 were tagged as emeeses ; from them, 10. 313 were MS – 13; and just 037, MS – 503. The 0, 24% of total gang members.
Ernesto Deras, who will be discussed in detail later, claims to know What were the young people accused of in the National Forest case up to, as he met some in his gang prevention work in the San Fernando Valley.
And, resoundingly, cross out the version of the Prosecutor’s Office as a “lie”. “Because the 503 were enemies already of the Mara, the 503 automatically they weren’t welcome here, ”he says.
503 is the telephone prefix of El Salvador and, for decades, many homeboys (gang members) got the number tattooed as an element representative of your country, explains Deras.
Although now the usual thing is to want to get rid of that emblem to avoid problems or confusion.
“Los homeboys old men received an order to erase that, to strike it out and cover it up (…). I have a client who already has an appointment to remove it ”, he says about the tattoo removal service that they do in the organization where he works, Champions in Service.
Asked by the BBC about the hypotheses of the prosecution that this investigation denies, the Department of Justice declined to comment claiming that the case is still in litigation and referred this media to the prosecution.
On the walls around his desk are dozens of photographs, a kind of wallpaper that serves as a grim reminder: all those faces were gang members, they all died.
Like thousands of Salvadoran refugees, Ernesto Deras migrated to Los Angeles during the civil war (1979 – 1992), to their 20 years, after having been a soldier in the Army.
In the nineties, already enrolled in the MS – 13, was the Satan of the Fulton Locos , and became the babbler of the clica in the San Fernando Valley.
At present, this man from 50 years works in an organization that receives funds from Los Angeles County and that focuses on preventing children and youth from joining gangs. He takes care of the MS – 13, always in the Valley.
Their chores range from walking the streets and offering gang members help “if they need work or go to school ”, until mediate with rival gangs so that they do not appear at the wake of a deceased gang member.
“The San Fernando Valley is the heart of the gangs . Only here are more than 70 rival gangs, and the Mara Salvatrucha does not get along with any of them, ”Deras tells BBC Mundo while driving through streets that the Fulton Locos de Los Angeles believes their own.
On the walls you can see some graffiti alluding to MS – 13.
“With those plaques (painted) express that this is their neighborhood and also send a message to the Police that, no matter how much they get caught, they are always here “, says Deras.
The Los Angeles Police Department also bluntly calls the city “the capital of gangs” of the nation, and on its website reports the existence of to of 470 active and calculates a total of 43. 000 members.
“In El Salvador the enemy gang of the Mara Salvatrucha is the 18 [Barrio 18], that’s why some, when they come here, think that the 18 is the only one, but here are enemies wherever . These are things that must be explained to the newcomers ”, says Deras.
His nephew was one of those arrested in the framework of the investigation into the Angeles National Forest murders.
Deras assures that, of the 22 detained, “only five or six are from the Mara”, and that his nephew is innocent, that “he only met with them to smoke pot [marihuana]”.
Deras says that when the murders now awaiting trial were occurring in 2017, he tried to mediate with some of the youngsters, but they didn’t listen to him because he is no longer active in the Fulton.
“That year there were deaths that had never been seen in this place” , he recalls, coinciding with the Prosecutor’s Office in highlighting the unusual brutality.
Refers to four homicides that occurred between March and October of 2017 —in addition to that of Brayan Andino—, which stand out in the accusation due to their similarities.
Those four victims were also transferred to the National Forest, where they were murdered with machetes and knives . In March, a young man identified as JS had his heart extracted.
Seven months later, Brayan Andino’s mother reported the disappearance to the authorities
The school Andino attended, Panorama High School , in the heart of the San Fernando Valley, it has a modern infrastructure and the facilities are spacious; nine out of each 10 students are Hispanic.
The police and prosecutors authorities are convinced that in that institute, among adolescents, some of the rivalries were gestated that ended that “violence not seen in 20 years ”in Los Angeles.
According to the Department of Justice, young gang members from the orbit of the Fulton Locos forced the applicants – even younger – to “kill a rival of the MS – 13 ” to be admitted.
In the cliques That operates n in El Salvador is a common requirement. Not so in Los Angeles.
The level of violence exerted is precisely one of the characteristics that most distinguishes the gangs of both countries.
And it is for that Deras brings up the subject.
According to his account, when the young people who would later be arrested for the murders in the Angeles National Forest arrived to California, the San Fernando Valley Fulton did not have firm leadership: “There were no old men, veterans, people who had grown up with the rules here.”
Therefore, he points out, in those months in which the crimes were registered there were “Uncontrolled”.
“The same old members who are in prison are against this. They were simply young people who came with the mentality from there ”, he says in reference to El Salvador.
The investigation and arrests, Deras explains, led to the MS – 13 Angelina will initiate a disciplinary process within the clique ; “That is why it has stopped and there have been no more deaths in that way.”
But in the United States, that violence attributed to MS – 13 germinating in classrooms, parks, and Facebook chats is not exclusive to Los Angeles.
Similar cases were reported on the East Coast during the Trump administration.
The most emblematic was that of the 11 homicides attributed to an MS clique – 13 operating in the Brentwood area and Central Islip, Long Island, New York State.
- The ferocious murders in the suburbs of New York where the most deaths are committed by the Mara Salvatrucha in the United States
He 15 July 2020, when there were already more than 140, 000 Americans who died from the covid – 19, Trump started the day talking about MS – 13 from the Oval Office.
“We have just concluded a historic operation that led to the arrest and criminal accusation of dozens of savage members of the MS – 13 and its leaders in the pa Yes, ”he said.
He was accompanied by trusted men, heavyweights: the then United States Attorney General, William Barr; who had been named acting secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Chad Wolf; and FBI Director Christopher A. Wray.
ption: Tweet from 18 July 2018, Image: The meeting on 16 July 2020 about MS – 14 from the Oval Office “data-lazy-src =” https://ichef.bbci.co .uk / news / amp / idt2 / 450 / 116038236to31 – 0ee0 – 2019 – 9d4f – 678 ffa7d 24 e5 “src =” https://laopinion.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load- 0.7 / images / 1×1.trans.gif “>
The president prided himself on saying that, for the first time, they had been charged with “terrorism charges” one of the “MS leaders – 13 ”in the state of Virginia.
“We are using ‘terrorism’, which gives us extra strength,” he said.
Attorney General announced the results of an operation called ‘Project Vulcan’, which resulted in the arrest of alleged leaders and members of the Mara Salvatrucha in New York, Las Vegas and Virginia.
Not a mention of Los Angeles.
In the midst of a pandemic and with the country facing one of the worst public health crises in its history, Trump kept talking about MS – 13.
A gang that, according to government estimates, has around 11, 000 members in the United States , a figure that has remained stable in recent 000 years, and that is less than that of other gangs and groups of criminal acts in the country.
Trump frequently spoke of the “American victims” of the MS – 14, without delving into the tragedy it produces this phenomenon mostly in Hispanic immigrant communities and low-income communities in multiple cities in that country.
Álex Sánchez is in charge of reminding him and the previous US governments.
To your 48 years and with a past as a member of the MS – 13 in the Ángeles, Sánchez is perhaps one of the most well-known activists in favor of social insertion in the country.
Founded ago 20 years the Homies Unidos organization, which provides services to support gang members who want to withdraw from that life.
The speech of the Mara Salvatrucha as a public enemy empowers the gang and even facilitates the recruitment of new members, also alerts Sánchez.
“What that publicity does is make them feel like: ‘We are the baddest gang. You don’t want to join any little gang that they never mention, you want to get into the worst, the baddest, the one that everyone is afraid of, ‘”he says.
The rhetoric attracts vulnerable young people , he explains, who have been exposed to violence in their countries of origin in ways that “school kids have never been here.”
“You can’t say that they’re bringing that here either, because that it is anchored in our communities and many young people choose to join [a la pandilla] because the communities do not receive resources ”, he continues.
“Those guys who keep coming experience the same despair that I felt when I arrived in the United States in 1979 ″, sentence Álex Sánchez.
*Edition : Read Sales . Illustrations : Kako Abraham.
Glossary
Down: gang members jumped in Los Angeles and migrated or deported to Central America.
Neighborhood: gang.
Jumping: entering a gang, through the ritual of receiving a beating from its members.
Jump: ritual of joining a gang.
Calm down: abandon the violence and stop committing crimes; in some cases, leave the gang.
Court: each of the territories controlled by a gang.
Civil : How gang members refer to non-gang members.
Click: a cell of the gang. Gangs are made up of cliques, which have their own name, their babblers and a highly variable number of members.
Colonias: neighborhoods.
Run the program: lead a clique or a gang; apply the set of rules that each clica or gang establishes for itself.
Homeboy: generic name by which gang members refer to members of their gang.
Homie: diminutive of homeboy.
Talkative: gang member who leads a clique.
Badge: graffiti with the initials of the gangs that are used to mark territory.
Program: set of rules that each click of a gang lays for itself; by extension, norms or codes shared by several cliques or an entire gang.
Ranfla: collective decision-making body that functions as the leadership of a gang, wheel.
Have a say: exercise authority in a clique or a gang.
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